Taliban shadow diplomacy

Since reclaiming power in August 2021, the Taliban have begun a nuanced diplomatic journey, engaging with neighbouring powers such as China, Russia and Iran. Despite international isolation over human rights and terrorism concerns, the Taliban have leveraged Afghanistan’s strategic position and resources to further relationships centred on economic collaboration, border security and counterterrorism efforts. However, the sustainability of these alliances remains uncertain, given the Taliban’s governance challenges and unpredictable policies.